Apple picker Apple Inc. An kafa shi a cikin 1976, sannan a matsayin Apple Computer. A cikin shekaru 37, maza bakwai sun yi juyayi a kansa, daga Michael Scott zuwa Tim Cook. Shahararren sunan da babu shakka shine Steve Jobs, shekaru biyu sun shude tun bayan tafiyarsa zuwa madawwamiyar farauta a yau...
1977-1981: Michael "Scotty" Scott
Tun da Steve-kafa (Ayyuka ko Wozniak) ba su da shekaru ko kwarewa don gina kamfani na gaske, babban mai saka hannun jari na farko Mike Markkula ya shawo kan darektan samarwa a Semiconductor na kasa (kamfanin yanzu na Texas Instruments) Michael Scott ya dauki wannan. rawar .
Ya dauki wannan matsayi ne da sanin ya kamata, a lokacin da bayan isowarsa, ya haramta amfani da na’urar bugu a cikin kamfanin baki daya, domin kamfanin ya zama abin misali a farkon fara tallata kwamfutoci na sirri. A zamanin mulkinsa, an fara kera fitaccen dan wasan kwaikwayo na Apple II, wanda ya kasance kakan dukkan kwamfutoci kamar yadda muka san su a yau.
Duk da haka, bai ƙare aikinsa a Apple da farin ciki ba lokacin da ya kori ma'aikatan Apple 1981 a 40, ciki har da rabin tawagar da ke aiki a Apple II. Ya kare wannan matakin ne saboda jajircewarsu a cikin al’umma. A taron da ma'aikatan suka yi akan giya, ya bayyana cewa:
Na ce idan na gaji da zama shugaban kamfanin Apple, zan sauka daga mulki. Amma na canza ra'ayi - idan na daina jin daɗi, zan kori mutane har sai an sake jin daɗi.
Don wannan magana, an mayar da shi mataimakin shugaban kasa, wanda kusan ba shi da wani iko. Scott a hukumance ya yi ritaya daga kamfanin a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1981.
Tsakanin 1983 da 1988 ya jagoranci kamfani mai zaman kansa Starstruck. Ta na kokarin kera makamin roka da aka harba a cikin teku wanda zai iya sanya tauraron dan adam zuwa sararin samaniya.
Duwatsu masu launi sun zama abin sha'awa na Scott. Ya zama gwani a kan wannan batu, ya rubuta littafi game da su, kuma ya tattara tarin da aka baje kolin a gidan tarihi na Bowers da ke Santa Anna. Ya goyi bayan aikin Rruff, wanda ke nufin ƙirƙirar cikakken saiti na bayanai daga ma'adanai masu mahimmanci. A cikin 2012, an sanya sunan wani ma'adinai - scottyite - bayansa.
1981-1983: Armas Clifford "Mike" Markkula Jr.
Ma'aikaci lamba 3 - Mike Markkula ya yanke shawarar ba Apple rance a 1976 kudin da ya samu a hannun jari a matsayin manajan tallace-tallace na Fairchild Semiconductor da Intel.
Tare da tafiyar Scott, sabon damuwa na Markkula ya fara - inda za a sami darektan zartarwa na gaba? Shi da kansa ya san ba ya son wannan matsayi. Ya kasance a wannan matsayi na dan lokaci, amma a cikin 1982 ya karbi wuka a makogwaro daga matarsa: "Nemo wanda zai maye gurbinsa nan take.” Tare da Ayyuka, suna zargin cewa har yanzu bai kasance a shirye don aikin Shugaba ba, sun juya zuwa Gerry Roche, mafarauci "mai kaifin baki". Ya kawo sabon Shugaba, wanda da farko Jobs ya fara sha’awar sa, amma daga baya ya tsani.
An maye gurbin Markkula bayan shekaru 1997 a matsayin shugaban hukumar bayan dawowar Ayyuka a 12 kuma ya bar Apple. Ayyukansa na gaba ya ci gaba tare da kafa Echelon Corporation, ACM Aviation, San Jose Jet Center da Rana Creek Habitat Restoration. Zuba jari a Crowd Technologies da RunRev.
Ya kuma kafa Cibiyar da’a ta Markkula a Jami’ar Santa Clara, inda a halin yanzu yake darekta.
1983-1993: John Sculley
"Kana so ka kashe sauran rayuwarka ta hanyar sayar da ruwan sha, ko kana son canza duniya?" Wannan shine hukuncin da a ƙarshe ya shawo kan shugaban PepsiCo ya canza zuwa Apple da Ayyuka. Dukansu sun yi farin ciki da juna. Ayyukan da aka buga akan motsin rai: “A gaskiya ina ganin kai ne a gare mu, ina so ka zo tare da ni ka yi mana aiki. Zan iya koyan abubuwa da yawa daga gare ku.” Kuma Sculley ya kasance mai ban sha'awa: "Na ji cewa zan iya zama malami ga ƙwararren ɗalibi. Na gan shi a cikin madubin tunanina kamar ni lokacin da nake karama. Ni ma na kasa hakuri, taurin kai, mai girman kai da son rai. Hankalina ya fashe da tunane-tunane, sau da yawa na rasa komai. Kuma ban hakura da wadanda suka kasa biyan bukatata ba.”
Babban rikicin farko a cikin haɗin gwiwarsu ya zo tare da ƙaddamar da Macintosh. Tun da farko kwamfutar ta kasance mai arha sosai, amma sai farashinta ya haura zuwa dala 1995, wanda shine rufin ayyukan Ayyuka. Amma Sculley ya yanke shawarar ɗaga farashin zuwa $2495. Ayyuka na iya yaƙi duk abin da yake so, amma ƙarin farashin ya kasance iri ɗaya. Kuma bai taba yarda da hakan ba. Babban fada na gaba tsakanin Sculley da Jobs ya kasance akan tallan Macintosh (1984 ad), wanda Jobs ya ci nasara kuma ya ci gaba da tallan tallansa a wasan kwallon kafa. Bayan ƙaddamar da Macintosh, Ayyuka sun sami ƙarin ƙarfi a cikin kamfani da kuma kan Sculley. Sculley ya gaskanta da abokantakarsu, kuma Jobs, wanda watakila ya yarda da wannan abotar shima, ya yi masa magudi.
Tare da raguwar tallace-tallace na Macintosh ya zo da raguwar Ayyuka. A cikin 1985, rikicin da ke tsakaninsa da Sculley ya zo kan kai, kuma an cire Ayyuka daga matsayin jagoranci na sashen Macintosh. Wannan, ba shakka, ya zame masa rauni, wanda ya gane a matsayin cin amana a bangaren Sculley. Wani kuma, a wannan karon takaitaccen bugu, ya zo ne lokacin da a watan Mayun 1985 Sculley ya sanar da shi cewa ya cire shi daga mukamin shugaban kamfanin Apple. Don haka Sculley ya tafi da kamfanin Jobs.
A karkashin sandar Sculley, Apple ya samar da PowerBook da System 7, wanda shine magabacin Mac OS. Mujallar MacAddict ma ta kira shekarun 1989-1991 a matsayin "shekarun zinare na farko na Macintosh". Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, Sculley ya kirkiro PDA acronym (Mataimaki na dijital); Apple ya kira Newton PDA na farko wanda ke gaban lokacinsa. Ya bar Apple a cikin rabin na biyu na 1993 bayan ya gabatar da wani sabon abu mai tsada da rashin nasara - tsarin aiki wanda ke gudana akan sabon microprocessor, PowerPC. A baya, Jobs ya ce korar da aka yi daga Apple shine mafi kyawun abin da zai iya faruwa da shi. Don haka mai siyar da ruwan sha ba wani zaɓi mara kyau ba ne. Michael Spindler ya maye gurbinsa a cikin kula da Apple bayan tafiyarsa.
1993-1996: Michael Spindler
Michael Spindler ya zo kamfanin Apple ne daga bangaren Turai na Intel a shekarar 1980 kuma ta hanyar mukamai daban-daban (misali, shugaban Apple Europe) ya samu mukamin babban darakta bayan John Sculley. An kira shi "Diesel" - yana da tsayi kuma ya dade yana aiki. Mike Markkula, wanda ya san shi daga Intel, ya ce game da shi yana daya daga cikin mafi wayo da ta sani. A yunkurin Markkula ne Spindler daga baya ya shiga Apple ya wakilce shi a Turai.
Babbar nasarar da ya samu a lokacin ita ce manhajar KanjiTalk, wadda ta ba da damar rubuta haruffan Jafananci. Wannan ya fara sayar da roka na Macs a Japan.
Ya ji daɗin rarrabuwar kawuna a Turai, duk da cewa farawar da bai taɓa yi ba a baya. Misali, daya daga cikin matsalolin ita ce biyan kudi - Spindler bai samu biyan kusan watanni shida ba saboda Apple bai san yadda ake kwashe kudaden daga Canada zuwa Belgium ba, inda hedkwatar Turai take. Ya zama shugaban Turai a lokacin sake tsarawa a Apple (a wancan lokacin Ayyuka sun riga sun tafi). Zabi ne mai ban mamaki saboda Spindler babban mai dabarun dabaru ne amma mugun manajan. Wannan bai shafi dangantakarsa da Sculley ba, sun ci gaba da kasancewa masu kyau. Gaseé (Macintosh division) da Loren (shugaban Apple USA) suma sun fafata da shi don neman mukamin darektan zartarwa a nan gaba a Apple. Amma duka biyu an kafa su ne saboda matsaloli tare da ragi akan sabon Macs.
Spindler ya ji daɗin lokacin shahararsa tare da ƙaddamar da layin kwamfutoci na Power Macintosh a cikin 1994, amma goyon bayansa ga ra'ayin cloning Macintosh ya tabbatar da rashin amfani ga Apple.
A matsayin Shugaba, Spindler ya aiwatar da babban adadin sake tsarawa a Apple. Ya kori ma’aikata kusan 2500, kusan kashi 15 cikin 10 na ma’aikata, ya kuma yi wa kamfanin garambawul. Abinda kawai ya rage na tsohon Apple shine Applesoft, ƙungiyar da ke da alhakin haɓaka tsarin aiki. Ya kuma yanke shawarar cewa Apple ya kamata ya yi aiki a wasu manyan kasuwanni kawai kuma kada ya shiga wani wuri. Sama da duka, ya so ya kiyaye SoHo - ilimi da gida. Amma sake tsarin bai yi 'ya'ya ba. Korar ta haifar da asarar kusan dala miliyan 1996 a cikin kwata, da kuma kawar da fa'idodin ma'aikata (kyautata lafiyar da aka biya da kuma kantin sayar da kayan abinci waɗanda asalinsu kyauta ne) ya haifar da ƙiyayya ga ma'aikaci. Masu haɓaka software sun tsara wani "bam" mai suna "Spindler's List" wanda ya nuna jerin sunayen mutanen da aka harba a kan allon kwamfuta ga duk ma'aikatan kamfanin. Ko da yake ya yi nasarar haɓaka kason kasuwancinsa na gabaɗayan lokaci, a cikin 4 Apple ya sake kasancewa a ƙasa da kashi XNUMX kawai na kasuwa. Spindler ya fara tattaunawa da Sun, IBM, da Phillips don siyan Apple, amma abin ya ci tura. Wannan shi ne bambaro na ƙarshe ga hukumar kamfanin - An kori Spindler kuma Gil Amelio ya maye gurbinsa.
1996-1997: Gil Amelio
Ka ga, Apple kamar jirgin ruwa ne wanda aka loda da dukiya amma yana da rami a ciki. Kuma aikina shi ne in sa kowa ya yi tuƙi a hanya guda.
Gil Amelio, wanda ya koma Apple daga National Semiconductor, tabbas shine shugaban Apple mafi guntu a tarihin kamfanin. Tun 1994, duk da haka, ya kasance memba na kwamitin gudanarwa a Apple. Amma aikinsa a kamfanin apple bai yi nasara sosai ba. Kamfanin ya yi asarar dalar Amurka biliyan daya kuma darajar hannayen jarin ta fadi da kashi 80 cikin dari. An sayar da kaso ɗaya akan $14 kawai. Baya ga matsalolin kuɗi, Amelio kuma ya fuskanci wasu matsalolin - ƙananan samfurori, al'adun kamfani mara kyau, m tsarin aiki mara amfani. Wannan babbar matsala ce ga sabon shugaban kamfanin. Amelio ya yi ƙoƙarin warware lamarin ta kowace hanya, gami da sayar da Apple ko siyan wani kamfani da zai ceci Apple. Aikin Amelia yana da alaƙa da mutumin da ya sake bayyana a wurin a wannan lokacin kuma a ƙarshe an zarge shi da cire shi daga matsayin shugaban kamfanin - tare da Steve Jobs.
Ayyuka a fahimta sun so komawa kamfaninsa kuma ya ga Amelia a matsayin mutumin da ya dace don taimaka masa a hanyarsa ta dawowa. Don haka a hankali ya zama mutumin da Amelio yake tuntuɓar kowane mataki da shi, don haka yana kusantar burinsa. Mataki na gaba, mataki mai mahimmanci, a cikin ƙoƙarinsa ya faru lokacin da Apple ya sayi Ayyukan NeXT bisa ga umarnin Amelia. Ayyuka, m a farkon kallo, ya zama "mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa". A wancan lokacin, har yanzu ya yi iƙirarin cewa tabbas ba zai jagoranci Apple ba. To, aƙalla abin da ya yi iƙirari ke nan. A ranar 4/7/1997, lokacin Amelio a Apple ya ƙare tabbatacce. Ayyuka sun shawo kan hukumar ta kore shi. Ya yi nasarar jefa nauyi a cikin nau'i na Newton daga jirgin ruwa mai taska, wanda ke da rami, amma Kyaftin Jobs ya rigaya ya jagoranci.
1997-2011: Steve Jobs
Steve Jobs bai sauke karatu daga Reed ba kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Apple Inc., wanda aka haife shi a cikin garejin Silicon Valley a 1976. Kwamfuta sune tutar Apple (kuma jirgi kawai). Steve Wozniak da tawagarsa sun san yadda ake yin su, Steve Jobs ya san yadda ake sayar da su. Tauraruwarsa na tashi da sauri, amma an kore shi daga kamfaninsa bayan gazawar kwamfutar Macintosh. A shekarar 1985, ya kafa wani sabon kamfani mai suna NeXT Computer, wanda Apple ya siya a shekarar 1997, wanda ke bukatar wani sabon tsarin aiki. NeXT's NeXTSTEP don haka ya zama tushe da zaburarwa ga Mac OS X na baya. Shekara guda bayan kafa NeXT, Ayyuka sun sayi mafi yawan hannun jari a cikin ɗakin fim na Pixar, wanda ya samar da fina-finai masu rai don Disney. Ayyuka suna son aikin, amma a ƙarshe ya fi son Apple. A cikin 2006, Disney ƙarshe ya sayi Pixar, kuma Ayyuka sun zama mai hannun jari kuma memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na Disney.
Tun kafin Steve Jobs ya hau kan Apple a shekarar 1997, duk da cewa a matsayin “Shugaba na riko,” babban jami’in kudi na kamfanin, Fred D. Anderson, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba. Ayyuka sun kasance a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Anderson da sauransu, ya ci gaba da canza kamfani a cikin siffarsa. A hukumance, ya kamata ya zama mai ba da shawara na tsawon watanni uku har sai Apple ya sami sabon Shugaba. Bayan lokaci, Ayyuka sun tilasta wa duka mambobin kwamitin guda biyu - Ed Woolard, wanda ya mutunta shi da gaske, da Gareth Chang, wanda ba shi da kome a idanunsa. Da wannan motsi, ya sami wurin zama a kwamitin gudanarwa kuma ya fara sadaukar da kansa ga Apple.
Ayyuka ya kasance ɗan sanda mai banƙyama, mai kamala kuma mai ban mamaki a hanyarsa. Ya kasance mai tauri kuma ba shi da ra'ayi, sau da yawa yana zagin ma'aikatansa yana wulakanta su. Amma yana da ma'ana don daki-daki, ga launuka, don abun da ke ciki, don salo. Ya kasance mai sha'awa, yana son aikinsa, ya damu da yin komai kamar yadda zai yiwu. A ƙarƙashin umarninsa, an ƙirƙiri fitattun iPod, iPhone, iPad, da jerin kwamfutoci masu ɗaukar nauyi na MacBook. Ya iya jan hankalin mutane, tare da mafi kyawun halayensa kuma - sama da duka - tare da samfuransa. Godiya gareshi, Apple ya harba zuwa saman, inda ya kasance har yau. Kodayake alama ce mai tsada, ana wakilta ta da kamala, cikakkun bayanai masu kyau da kuma kyakkyawar abokantaka mai amfani. Kuma abokan ciniki suna farin cikin biyan duk wannan. Ɗaya daga cikin taken Ayyuka da yawa shine "Tunani daban-daban". Ana iya ganin Apple da samfuransa suna bin wannan taken koda bayan Ayyuka sun tafi. Ya sauka a matsayin Shugaba a 2011 saboda matsalolin lafiya. Ya mutu da ciwon daji na pancreatic a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 10.
2011-yanzu: Tim Cook
Timothy “Tim” Cook shi ne mutumin da Jobs ya zaba a matsayin magajinsa tun kafin murabus dinsa na karshe a shekarar 2011. Cook ya shiga kamfanin Apple a shekarar 1998, a lokacin ya yi aiki a Compaq Computers. A baya ma na IBM da Fasahar Lantarki. Ya fara a Apple a matsayin babban mataimakin shugaban ayyuka na duniya. A cikin 2007, an ƙara masa girma zuwa Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa (COO) na kamfanin. Daga wannan lokacin har zuwa tafiyar Ayyuka a 2011, Cook akai-akai yana cika masa abinci yayin da Ayuba ke murmurewa daga daya daga cikin tiyatar da aka yi masa.
Tim Cook ya fito ne daga umarni, wanda shine ainihin horon da muke buƙata. Na gane cewa muna kallon abubuwa iri ɗaya. Na ziyarci masana'antu da yawa na lokaci-lokaci a Japan kuma na gina ɗaya da kaina don Mac da NeXT. Na san abin da nake so sannan na sadu da Tim kuma yana son abu ɗaya. Don haka muka fara aiki tare kuma ba a daɗe ba na tabbata ya san ainihin abin da zai yi. Yana da hangen nesa iri daya da ni, muna iya yin mu'amala a matakin dabaru, zan iya mantawa da abubuwa da yawa, amma ya cika ni. (Aiki a kan Cook)
Ba kamar Ayyuka ba, Shugaba na yanzu yana da nutsuwa kuma baya nuna yawancin motsin zuciyar sa. Shi ba shakka ba ne Ayyuka na kwatsam ba, amma kamar yadda kuke gani a cikin maganar, suna da ra'ayi iri ɗaya na duniyar kasuwanci kuma suna son abubuwa iri ɗaya. Wataƙila shi ya sa Ayuba ya sa Apple a hannun Cook, wanda ya gani a matsayin wanda zai ci gaba da hangen nesa, ko da yake yana iya yin ta daban. Misali, sha'awar Ayyuka da duk siraran abubuwa sun kasance halayen Apple koda bayan tafiyarsa. Kamar yadda Cook da kansa ya ce: “Ya kasance yana da yakinin cewa abin da yake siriri yana da kyau. Ana iya gani a cikin dukan aikinsa. Muna da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka mafi ƙanƙanta, mafi ƙarancin waya, kuma muna sa iPad ɗin ya zama siriri da sira.” Yana da wuya a faɗi yadda Steve Jobs zai gamsu da yanayin kamfaninsa da samfuran da ya kera. Amma babban takensa "Think daban-daban" har yanzu yana raye a Apple kuma yana kama da zai daɗe. Saboda haka, ana iya cewa Tim Cook, wanda Ayuba ya zaɓa, shine mafi kyawun zaɓi.
Labari mai kyau, na gode da shi. Ban fahimci jimlar ba kawai: "A ƙarƙashin Sculley, Apple ya haɓaka PowerBook da System 7, wanda shine magabacin Mac OS.".
Ina duba duka takwas na Macintosh Classic na asali na shigarwa na diski, kuma dukkansu suna da tambarin Mac OS da kuma “bakwai” a cikin baƙar fata rectangle. Kila kana nufin wanda ya gabace OS-X ne, domin ko “takwas” da “9” ana kiransu da Mac OS.
... ƙari kawai, ba na cin takwas da tara... amma ko OS X MacOS X ne ke tafiyar da shi, kawai kalli damisa ko Panther... OS X da kanta ya bayyana ina tsammanin tare da SnowLeopard ....
Ina tsammanin tun daga Dutsen Lion, "OS X" ya kasance maimakon "Mac OS X".
Amma a lokacin da gaske kawai ake kira System 7. Sannan ina tsammanin System 7.5 ne. Na tuna da shi da kyau daga waɗancan faifan diski, da sauransu, saboda na ɗan ruɗe da canjin suna daga baya. An fara amfani da sunan Mac OS a kusa da Mac OS 8. Af, gwada sanya "Game da Wannan Macintosh" akan Classic ɗin ku :-)