Apple picker Mawallafin dan kasar Czech, Patrick Zandl, ya wallafa wani littafi a wannan watan, inda ya yi bayani kan yadda ake sauya harkokin kasuwanci daga kwamfutoci masu zaman kansu zuwa wayoyin hannu da kuma zamani mai zuwa, wanda ya shafe shekaru biyar ana yinsa, inda Apple ya zama kamfani mafi daraja a duniya. Za ku karanta dalla-dalla duk abin da ke bayan babban juyin juya hali a cikin wayoyin hannu da kuma yadda ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar sabuwar kasuwar kwamfutar hannu gaba ɗaya. Anan ga samfuran farko daga littafin.
Yadda aka ƙirƙiri tsarin aiki don iPhone OS X - iOS
Hakanan tsarin aiki ya kasance mahimmanci ga nasarar wayar hannu ta Apple mai zuwa. Wannan imani ne wanda ba a saba da shi ba a cikin 2005, "wayoyin wayoyi" ba su ne mafi kyawun masu siyarwa ba, akasin haka, wayoyin da ke da firmware guda ɗaya ana siyar da su kamar waina. Amma Ayyuka yana buƙatar daga wayarsa babban yuwuwar faɗaɗa gaba, sassauci a cikin haɓakawa kuma don haka ikon amsa abubuwan da ke faruwa. Har ila yau, mafi kyawun dacewa tare da dandamali na Mac, saboda yana jin tsoron cewa kamfanin zai ci gaba da bunkasa wani tsarin aiki. Ci gaban software, kamar yadda muka nuna, bai kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarfi na Apple na dogon lokaci ba.
An yanke shawarar ne a watan Fabrairun 2005 jim kadan bayan ganawar sirri da wakilan Cingular Wireless wanda ba a gayyaci Motorola ba. Ayyuka sun sami damar shawo kan Cingular cewa Apple zai sami kaso na kudaden shiga da aka samu akan wayarsa kuma ya shawo kan Cingular don yin mahimmanci game da gina hanyar sadarwar salula. Ko da a lokacin, Ayyuka suna haɓaka ra'ayin zazzage kiɗa daga hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu, amma wakilan Cingular sun kasance masu raɗaɗi game da karuwar nauyin da zazzagewar Intanet zai iya haifarwa. Sun yi jayayya da kwarewar zazzage sautunan ringi da gidajen yanar gizo kuma, kamar yadda nan gaba za ta nuna, sun raina hasashe cewa Ayyuka ya iya samarwa da na'urarsa. Wanda nan ba da jimawa ba ya koma kan su.
Wannan ya fara aikin Purple 2, wanda Ayyuka ke so su matsa sama da hangen nesa na rashin gamsuwa tare da Motorola. Manufar: wayar hannu da kanta ta dogara da fasahar da Apple ya samu a yanzu ko kuma za ta bunkasa cikin sauri, da dama daga cikinsu (kamar FingerWorks) da Jobs ya shirya amfani da shi don gina kwamfutar da yake son kaddamarwa. Amma dole ne ya zaɓi: ko dai zai ƙaddamar da wayar hannu da sauri tare da haɗin iPod kuma don haka ya ceci rikicin tallace-tallacen iPod da ke gabatowa, ko kuma ya cika mafarkinsa kuma ya ƙaddamar da kwamfutar hannu. Ba zai iya samun duka biyun ba, saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da Motorola ba zai samar masa da iPod a cikin wayarsa ta hannu ba, ya riga ya bayyana a wannan lokacin, kodayake zai ɗauki ƙarin rabin shekara kafin Motorola ROKR ya buga wayar. kasuwa. A ƙarshe, watakila abin mamaki, amma a hankali, Ayyuka sun yi fare kan ceton kasuwar kiɗa, sun jinkirta ƙaddamar da kwamfutar hannu kuma sun canza duk albarkatun zuwa aikin Purple 2, wanda manufarsa ita ce gina wayar hannu tare da iPod.
Shawarar daidaita tsarin aiki na kamfanin na Mac OS X don wayoyin hannu ba wai kawai saboda babu wasu zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa ba, har ma da yiwuwar haɗa na'urar daga baya. Ƙarfafa ƙarfin kwamfuta da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na na'urorin wayar hannu ya gamsar da Jobs cewa nan gaba za a iya ba da aikace-aikacen akan wayar kwatankwacin waɗanda ake amfani da su akan tebur kuma yana da fa'ida idan aka dogara da tsarin aiki guda ɗaya.
Domin a gaggauta ci gaba, an kuma yanke shawarar cewa za a samar da kungiyoyi biyu masu zaman kansu. Tawagar hardware za ta yi aikin gina wayar hannu da kanta cikin hanzari, sauran tawagar za su mayar da hankali wajen daidaita tsarin aiki na OS X.
Mac OS X, OS X da iOS
Akwai ɗan ruɗani a Apple tare da lakabin nau'ikan tsarin aiki. Sigar asali ta tsarin aiki don iPhone ba ta da suna a zahiri - Apple yana amfani da laconic nadi "iPhone yana gudanar da sigar OS X" a cikin kayan tallan sa. Daga baya ya fara amfani da "iPhone OS" don komawa zuwa tsarin aiki na wayar. Tare da fitowar sigar sa ta huɗu a cikin 2010, Apple ya fara amfani da sunan iOS cikin tsari. A cikin watan Fabrairun 2012, za a canza wa tsarin aiki na Desktop "Mac OS X" suna zuwa "OS X" kawai, wanda zai iya zama rudani. Misali, a cikin taken wannan babin, inda na yi kokarin yin la'akari da gaskiyar cewa iOS a ainihinsa ya fito daga OS X.
Darwin a bango
Anan muna buƙatar yin wata karkata zuwa tsarin aikin Darwin. Lokacin da Apple ya sayi kamfanin NeXT na Ayyuka a cikin 1997, tsarin aiki na NeXTSTEP da bambance-bambancensa da aka kirkira tare da haɗin gwiwar Sun Microsystems da ake kira OpenSTEP sun zama wani ɓangare na ma'amala. Shi ma tsarin aiki na NeXTSTEP zai zama ginshikin sabuwar manhajar kwamfuta ta Apple, bayan haka, wannan na daya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa Apple ya sayi NeXT Jobs. Abin sha'awa kuma a lokacin watakila ba a yaba da fara'a na NeXTSTEP shine yanayin dandamali da yawa, ana iya sarrafa wannan tsarin duka akan dandamalin Intel x86 da Motorola 68K, PA-RISC da SPARC, watau akan kusan duk na'urori masu sarrafawa da dandamalin tebur ke amfani da su. a lokacin. Kuma yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙiri fayilolin rarrabawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da nau'ikan nau'ikan shirin don duk dandamali na sarrafawa, abin da ake kira binaries mai.
Gadon NeXT don haka ya zama tushen samar da sabon tsarin aiki mai suna Rhapsody, wanda Apple ya fara gabatar da shi a taron masu haɓakawa a cikin 1997. Wannan tsarin ya kawo sauye-sauye da yawa idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan Mac OS na baya, daga mahangarmu. wadannan su ne galibi kamar haka:
- kernel da tsarin da ke da alaƙa sun dogara ne akan Mach da BSD
- tsarin tsarin da ya dace da Mac OS na baya (Blue Box) - daga baya aka fi sani da Classic interface
- fadada aiwatar da OpenStep API (akwatin rawaya) - daga baya ya samo asali zuwa Cocoa.
- Java Virtual Machine
- tsarin taga akan Displa PostScript
- wani dubawa dangane da Mac OS amma hade da OpenSTEP
Apple ya shirya don canja wurin zuwa Rhapsody mafi yawan tsarin software (frameworks) daga Mac OS, kamar QuickTime, QuickDraw 3D, QuickDraw GX ko ColorSync, kazalika da tsarin fayil daga ainihin kwamfutocin Apple Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), HFS, UFS da sauransu. . Amma nan da nan ya bayyana cewa wannan ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba ko kaɗan. Sakin haɓakawa na farko (DR1) a cikin Satumba 1997 ya biyo bayan DR2 na biyu a cikin Mayu 1998, amma har yanzu akwai sauran aiki da yawa a yi. Samfotin farko na masu haɓakawa (Developer Preview 1) ya zo ne kawai bayan shekara guda, a cikin Mayu 1999, kuma an riga an kira tsarin Mac OS X, wata guda kafin Apple ya raba nau'in uwar garken Mac OS X Server 1, wanda ya fito a hukumance kuma Har ila yau, nau'in Darwin na bude-bude, ta haka ne ya sadu da (yawanci da muhawara) na sharadi don fitar da lambobin tushe na tsarin da ke amfani da wasu sassan buɗaɗɗen da ke buƙatar wannan kuma wanda Apple ya haɗa a cikin tsarin sa lokacin da aka dogara da shi. Mach da BSD kernels.
Darwin shine ainihin Mac OS X ba tare da keɓancewar hoto ba kuma ba tare da adadin ɗakunan karatu na mallakar mallaka ba kamar tsaro na fayil ɗin kiɗan na FairPlay. Kuna iya saukar da shi, tunda daga baya fayilolin tushen kawai suna samuwa, ba nau'ikan nau'ikan binaryar ba, kuna iya haɗawa da gudanar da su azaman tsarin aiki akan dandamali masu yawa. Ci gaba, Darwin zai yi aiki guda biyu a Apple: zai kasance mai tunatarwa akai-akai cewa jigilar Mac OS X zuwa wani dandamali na sarrafawa ba zai yi wahala ba har ya zama mara amfani. Kuma zai zama amsa ga ajiyar da aka rufe software na Apple, mallakar mallaka, wanda shine tunanin da Apple zai haifar daga baya, musamman a Turai. A Amurka, inda ya fi yaɗu a cikin ilimi kuma ana amfani da Darwin a nan akan yawancin sabar makaranta, wayar da kan buɗaɗɗa da amfani da daidaitattun abubuwan da ke cikin software na Apple ya fi girma. Har yanzu Darwin shine jigon kowane tsarin Mac OS X a yau, kuma yana da ɗimbin gungun masu ba da gudummawa ga bunƙasa buɗaɗɗen tushen sa, tare da ci gaban ci gaba da komawa cikin ainihin Mac OS X.
Farkon sakin Mac OS X 10.0, mai suna Cheetah, an sake shi a watan Maris na 2001, shekaru hudu bayan Rhapsody ya fara haɓakawa, wanda ake tunanin yana da sauƙin juyewa don amfani da shi akan dandamalin Apple. Wani abin ban mamaki da ya haifar da matsaloli da dama ga kamfanin, domin a cikin wadannan shekaru hudu ya tilasta masu amfani da shi a kan wani dandamali na Mac OS maras gamsarwa kuma maras kyau.
Da haka Darwin ya zama tushen tsarin aiki a karkashin Project Purple 2. A lokacin da babu tabbas ko Apple zai yanke shawarar yin amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa ARM, wanda ke da hannun jarin ƙira, ko Intel, wanda aka fara amfani da shi a cikin tebur. , ya kasance wani zaɓi mai hankali sosai, saboda ya sa ya yiwu a canza tsarin sarrafawa ba tare da ciwo mai yawa ba, kamar yadda Apple ya yi tare da PowerPC da Intel. Bugu da kari, wani karamin tsari ne kuma tabbataccen tsari wanda dole ne a saka masarrafar sadarwa (API) - a cikin wannan yanayin Cocoa Touch, API ɗin OpenSTEP da aka inganta ta taɓawa tare da ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu.
A ƙarshe, an ƙirƙiri wani tsari wanda ya raba tsarin zuwa matakan abstraction guda huɗu:
- Layer na kernel na tsarin
- Layer sabis na kernel
- media Layer
- Cocoa Touch interface Layer
Me ya sa yake da mahimmanci kuma yana da daraja a lura? Ayyuka sun yi imanin cewa dole ne wayar hannu ta amsa daidai da bukatun mai amfani. Idan mai amfani ya danna maɓalli, dole ne wayar ta amsa. Dole ne a fili gane cewa ya karɓi shigarwar mai amfani, kuma ana yin hakan mafi kyau ta hanyar aiwatar da aikin da ake so. Ɗaya daga cikin masu haɓakawa ya nuna irin wannan tsarin na Ayyuka a cikin wayar Nokia mai tsarin Symbian, inda wayar ta yi latti don danna bugun kira. Mai amfani ya goge suna a cikin jerin kuma ya kira wani suna da gangan. Wannan abin takaici ne ga Ayyuka kuma baya son ganin wani abu makamancin haka akan wayar sa. Dole ne tsarin aiki ya aiwatar da zaɓin mai amfani a matsayin fifiko, ƙirar Cocoa Touch tana da fifiko mafi girma a cikin tsarin. Bayan shi ne sauran sassan tsarin ke da fifiko. Idan mai amfani ya yi zaɓi ko shigarwa, dole ne wani abu ya faru don tabbatar wa mai amfani da cewa komai yana tafiya yadda ya kamata. Wani gardama game da wannan hanya ita ce "allon tsalle" a cikin tebur Mac OS X. Idan mai amfani ya ƙaddamar da wani shiri daga tsarin tashar jiragen ruwa, yawanci babu abin da ya faru na dan lokaci har sai an cika shirin daga diski zuwa RAM na kwamfutar. Masu amfani za su ci gaba da danna gunkin saboda ba za su san cewa an riga an loda shirin zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba. Masu haɓakawa sun warware shi ta hanyar sanya alamar billa har sai an loda dukkan shirin cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. A cikin sigar wayar hannu, tsarin yana buƙatar amsa duk wani shigarwar mai amfani daidai nan take.
Wannan dabarar daga baya ta zama mai zurfi a cikin tsarin wayar hannu ta yadda ko da ayyuka na kowane mutum a cikin Cocoa Touch ana sarrafa su a cikin tsarin tare da azuzuwan fifiko daban-daban ta yadda mai amfani ya sami mafi kyawun bayyanar aikin waya mai santsi.
A wannan lokacin, Apple bai da mahimmanci game da gudanar da aikace-aikacen ɓangare na uku akan wayar ba. Ba a ma so a wannan lokacin. Tabbas, tsarin aiki mai zuwa yana ba da cikakken goyon bayan preemptive multitasking, kariyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da sauran abubuwan ci gaba na tsarin aiki na zamani, wanda ya bambanta da sauran tsarin aiki a lokacin da ke gwagwarmaya da kariya ta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (Symbian), multitasking (Palm OS) ko a madadin. tare da duka biyu (Windows CE). Amma Ayyuka sun ɗauki wayar hannu mai zuwa da farko azaman na'urar da za a yi amfani da ita don cinye kiɗan da Apple ke bayarwa. Aikace-aikace na ɓangare na uku kawai za su jinkirta, kuma Ayyuka sun gane cewa dole ne a warware wasu cikakkun bayanai a kusa da su, kamar tsarin rarrabawa, don haka ko da yake OS X ta hannu ta goyi bayan ikon gudanar da ƙarin aikace-aikace a bango na asali, Apple artificially iyakance. wannan yiwuwar. Lokacin da iPhone ya shiga kasuwa, wayoyi "jailbroken" kawai ba tare da wannan kariyar ba za su iya shigar da aikace-aikacen ɓangare na uku masu tasowa. Da daɗewa bayan ƙaddamar da iPhone a cikin Janairu 2007, Ayyuka sun ɗauka cewa masu haɓakawa za su ƙirƙiri aikace-aikacen yanar gizo kawai kuma Apple ne kawai zai ƙirƙiri ƙa'idodin asali.
Ko da a lokacin rani na 2006, duk da haka, ci gaban sigar wayar hannu ta OS X ya kasance cikin yanayin da bai dace ba. Ko da yake ainihin hanyar shigar da tsarin ya faru a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar ƙungiyar injiniyoyi biyu kawai, alaƙa da haɗin kai na daidaitattun abubuwan haɗin wayar hannu ya kasance matsananciyar wahala. An yi watsi da kira, software ta yi karo akai-akai, rayuwar baturi ta yi ƙasa da rashin hankali. Yayin da mutane 2005 ke aikin a watan Satumba na 200, adadin ya ƙaru da sauri zuwa XNUMX a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu masu kama da juna, amma har yanzu bai isa ba. Babban hasara shine sirrin da Apple yayi aiki: ba za a iya samun sababbin mutane ta hanyar daukar ma'aikata na jama'a ba, amma ta hanyar shawarwari, sau da yawa ta hanyar masu shiga tsakani. Misali, bangaren gwaji na kungiyar manhaja ya kasance mai kama-da-wane, ana yin samfuri da gwaji tare da mutanen da ke sadarwa da juna musamman ta hanyar imel kuma sun dade ba su san suna aiki da Apple ba. Har sai da irin wannan matakin sirrin ya kai.
Kuna iya samun ƙarin bayani game da littafin a Yanar Gizo na Patrick Zandl. Ana iya siyan littafin a buga a cikin shagunan littattafai Neoluxor a Kosmas, ana shirya sigar lantarki.
akwai riga da yawa
Littafin W.Walter Isaacson da Jay Elliot ya isa.
Na karanta duka biyun, kuma na farko ya ba ni mafi.
Ya yi yawa...kowa yana rubutu game da Steve yanzu kuma yana son samun kuɗi kawai.
Wataƙila da yawa, amma wannan littafin ya kusantar da shi sosai, ba ya sa Ayyuka su zama "allah", amma duk abin da aka sanya a cikin mahallin nan.
Kada ku lalata aikin Patrik!
Wannan kallon ba zai kasance a nan ba kuma ba zai kasance ba.
Watakila ma a waje :-)