Me yasa Steve Jobs ya gabatar da kwamfutar NeXT

Lokacin da Steve Jobs ya gabatar da kwamfutar NeXT a cikin 1988, ya yi magana game da ita a matsayin babban ɓangaren tarihin kwamfuta na gaba. A karshen watan Janairu na wannan shekara, an fara yin rikodin wannan taron tun daga lokacin a Intanet.

Wani muhimmin sashi na samar da Fim ɗin Steve Jobs, wanda ya fara a farkon rabin shekarar da ta gabata, shine tuntuɓar mutane da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da fannoni daban-daban na ainihin Steve Jobs da Apple daga lokacin da fim ɗin ya gudana. Tun da daya daga cikin sassa uku zai faru kafin ƙaddamar da samfurin kwamfuta na NeXT, ƙoƙarin ma'aikatan shine gano abu mai yiwuwa game da taron.

Ba zato ba tsammani, daya daga cikin sakamakon wannan yunƙurin shine faifan bidiyo da ke ɗaukar gabatarwar Ayyuka gabaɗaya da kuma tambayoyin manema labarai na gaba. Wannan bidiyon yana kan kaset na VHS guda biyu masu shekaru 27 a hannun wani tsohon ma'aikacin NeXT. Tare da taimakon RDF Productions da SPY Post da Herb Philpott, Todd A. Marks, Perry Freeze, Keith Ohlfs da Tom Frikker, an ƙididdige shi kuma an mayar da shi zuwa mafi kyawun tsari.

Tun da tushen ya kasance kwafi ne ba rikodin asali ba, haka kuma, an ɗauka a kan kaset wanda aka riga an yi rikodin wani abu akan shi, ana ci gaba da neman mafi adana sigar. Na yanzu, saboda hoton duhu, kawai yana ba da kyakkyawan ra'ayi na gabatarwa da aka tsara akan allon bayan Ayyuka. Amma game da gabatarwar kanta a cikin ɗan lokaci, bari mu fara tuna abin da ya gabace shi.

NeXT a sakamakon (da ci gaba?) na faɗuwar Ayyuka

Aikin hangen nesa na kwamfuta na sirri, Macintosh, ya kasance gaskiya a cikin 1983 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a farkon 1984. Steve Jobs ya sa ran zai zama babban nasara kuma zai karbi matsayin babban kudin shigar Apple daga tsohuwar Apple II. Amma Macintosh yana da tsada sosai, kuma ko da yake ya sami masu bin sahihanci, an rasa shi a kasuwa mai cike da kwafi mai rahusa.

Sakamakon haka, John Sculley, shugaban kamfanin Apple na lokacin, ya yanke shawarar sake fasalin kamfanin tare da ware Steve Jobs daga matsayinsa na shugaban kungiyar Macintosh. Ko da yake ya ba shi matsayi mai mahimmanci na "shugaban ƙungiyar ci gaba tare da dakin gwaje-gwaje", a aikace Ayyuka ba za su yi tasiri a kan gudanar da kamfanin ba. Ayyuka sun so su yi kokarin korar Sculley daga kamfanin Apple a lokacin da yake kasar China kan harkokin kasuwanci, amma Sculley ya soke tashin jirgin bayan wani abokin aikinsa ya gargade shi tare da shaida wa taron zartarwa cewa ko dai za a cire Ayyuka daga kungiyar Macintosh ko kuma Apple ya samu wani sabo. Shugaba.

Ya riga ya bayyana a wannan lokacin cewa Jobs ba zai yi nasara a wannan takaddama ba, kuma ko da yake ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don juya halin da ake ciki, ya yi murabus a cikin Satumba 1985 kuma ya sayar da kusan dukkanin hannun jari na Apple. Duk da haka, ya yi hakan jim kaɗan bayan ya yanke shawarar kafa sabon kamfani.

Ya samu ra’ayin ne bayan ya tattauna da wani masanin kimiyyar halittu a Jami’ar Stanford, Paul Berg, wanda ya bayyana wa Jobs halin da malaman ilimi ke ciki a lokacin da suke gudanar da dogon gwaji a dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Ayyuka sun yi mamakin dalilin da ya sa ba sa kwaikwayon gwaje-gwajen a kan kwamfutoci, Berg ya amsa cewa za su buƙaci ikon manyan kwamfutocin da ɗakunan karatu na jami'a ba za su iya ba.

Don haka Jobs ya amince da wasu mambobi na kungiyar Macintosh, tare duk sun yi murabus daga mukamansu a Apple, kuma Jobs ya sami damar kafa sabon kamfani, wanda ya sanya wa suna Next. Ya zuba jarin dala miliyan 7 a ciki kuma ya yi amfani da kusan dukkanin wadannan kudade a cikin shekara mai zuwa, ba don samar da kayayyaki ba, amma ga kamfanin da kansa.

Da farko, ya ba da umarnin tambari mai tsada daga shahararren mai zanen hoto Paul Rand, kuma Na gaba ya zama NeXT. Bayan haka, ya sa aka gyara sabbin gine-ginen ofis da aka saya ta yadda za su kasance da bangon gilashi, ya motsa lif sannan ya maye gurbin matakan da gilashin, wanda daga baya kuma ya bayyana a cikin Stores na Apple. Sa'an nan, lokacin da aka fara haɓaka na'urar kwamfuta mai ƙarfi don jami'o'i, Ayyuka ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba sun ƙididdige sabbin buƙatun (sau da yawa masu saba wa juna) waɗanda yakamata su haifar da ingantaccen wurin aiki don dakunan gwaje-gwaje na jami'a.

Ya kamata ya ɗauki nau'i na cikakken kubu mai baƙar fata da mai saka idanu masu yawa tare da babban nuni da babban ƙuduri. Ba zai taɓa kasancewa ba idan ba don saka hannun jari na hamshakin attajirin nan Ross Perot ba, wanda Ayyukan Ayyuka suka burge shi kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin hana wata damar da ba ta dace ba ta hanyar saka hannun jari. Bayan 'yan shekaru baya, ya sami damar siyan gaba ɗaya ko babban ɓangaren Microsoft na farawa, wanda darajarta a lokacin kafa NeXT ya kusan kusan dala biliyan daya.

A ƙarshe, an ƙirƙiri kwamfutar, kuma a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1988, Steve Jobs ya ɗauki mataki a karon farko tun 1984 don gabatar da sabon samfuri.

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Steve Jobs a kan mataki kuma

An gabatar da gabatarwar a San Francisco a babban dakin kade-kade na Louis M. Davies. Lokacin zayyana shi, Ayyuka sun mai da hankali ga kowane daki-daki tare da manufar burge masu sauraro wanda ya ƙunshi kawai 'yan jaridu da aka gayyata da mutane daga masana kimiyya da na kwamfuta. Ayyuka sun haɗu tare da mai zanen hoto na NeXT Susan Kare don ƙirƙirar hotuna don gabatarwa - ya ziyarci ta kusan kowace rana don makonni da yawa, kuma kowace kalma, kowane inuwa mai launi da aka yi amfani da shi yana da mahimmanci a gare shi. Ayyuka da kansu sun bincika jerin baƙo har ma da menu na abincin rana.

Sakamakon gabatarwar ya dauki sama da sa'o'i biyu kuma ya kasu kashi biyu, na farko an sadaukar da shi don bayyana manufofin kamfanin da NeXT kwamfuta da hardware, kuma na biyu ya mayar da hankali kan software. Zagaye na farko na tafi yayin da Ayuba ke ɗaukar mataki, sai kuma na daƙiƙa kaɗan bayan ya ce, "Yana da kyau a dawo." Nan da nan Jobs ya ci gaba da cewa yana tsammanin masu sauraro a yau za su shaida wani lamari da ke faruwa sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a cikin shekaru goma, lokacin da sabon gine-ginen ya shiga kasuwa wanda zai canza makomar kwamfuta. Ya ce sun shafe shekaru uku suna aiki da shi a NeXT tare da hadin gwiwar jami'o'i a fadin kasar, kuma sakamakon ya kasance "mai girma da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba."

Kafin ya bayyana samfurin da kansa, Jobs ya taƙaita tarihin kwamfutoci tare da gabatar da samfurin "taguwar ruwa" wanda ke ɗaukar kimanin shekaru goma kuma yana da alaƙa da tsarin gine-ginen kwamfuta wanda ya kai ga mafi girman ƙarfinsa bayan shekaru biyar, bayan haka ba za a iya ƙirƙirar sabuwar software don amfani da su ba. ya kara fadada karfinsa. Yana kwatanta raƙuman ruwa guda uku, na ukun shine Macintosh, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1984, kuma a cikin 1989 muna iya tsammanin cikar yuwuwar sa.

Manufar NeXT ita ce ta ayyana igiyar ruwa ta huɗu, kuma tana son yin hakan ta hanyar samar da samuwa da faɗaɗa damar "tashoshin ayyuka." Duk da yake waɗannan suna nuna yuwuwar fasaha tare da nunin "megapixel" da ayyuka da yawa, ba su da abokantaka masu amfani don yadawa da ƙirƙirar waccan kalaman na huɗu waɗanda suka ayyana lissafin shekarun 90.

NeXT ta mayar da hankali kan ilimi shine matsayinta na mai haɓaka ilimi, babban mai ƙirƙira fasaha da tunani. Jobs ya karanta wata magana da ke cewa, "[...] yayin da na'ura mai kwakwalwa ta kasance wani bangare na ilimi, har yanzu ba su zama abin da zai haifar da sauyin ilimi da suke da damar zama ba." Kwamfutar da za a gabatar a cikin wannan gabatarwar bai kamata ta nuna bukatun masana ba, amma burinsu. Ba don faɗaɗa abin da kwamfutoci suke a yau ba, amma don nuna abin da ya kamata su kasance a nan gaba.

An yi nufin kwamfutar NeXT don yin amfani da ikon tsarin Unix don samar da cikakkun ayyuka masu yawa da sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa, amma a lokaci guda suna ba da hanya don "kowane mai mutuwa" don amfani da waɗannan damar. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya kamata ya kasance yana da na'ura mai sauri da babban adadin aiki da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar gida, yana nuna komai ta hanyar haɗin kai na PostScript da masu bugawa ke amfani da su. Ya kamata ya sami babban nunin “pixel miliyan”, sauti mai girma da buɗaɗɗen gine-gine, wanda za'a iya faɗaɗawa zuwa shekaru casa'in.

Duk da yake manyan ayyukan gudanarwa na yau suna da girma, zafi da ƙara, malamai suna son su ƙanana, sanyi da shuru. A ƙarshe, "muna son bugawa, don haka don Allah a ba mu bugu na Laser mai araha," in ji malaman. Sauran kashi na farko na gabatarwar Ayyuka sun bayyana yadda suka sami sakamako wanda ya cika waɗannan buƙatun. Tabbas, Ayyuka kullum yana jaddada kyawun abin da wannan ke faruwa - bayan rabin sa'a yana magana, ya buga fim na mintuna shida wanda ke nuna layin taro na gaba, inda duka motherboard na kwamfutar NeXT ke taru da mutummutumi a cikin cikakke. sarrafa kansa factory.

Yana ɗaukar su minti ashirin don yin ɗaya, kuma sakamakon ba shine mafi girman jeri na abubuwan da ke cikin allo ba tukuna, amma "mafi kyawun allon da'ira da na taɓa gani," in ji Jobs. Har ila yau, an nuna ma'anar abin da ya gani a fili lokacin da a ƙarshe ya nuna wa masu sauraro gabaɗayan kwamfutar tare da na'urar dubawa da na'urar bugawa - baƙar gyale ne ya rufe ta gaba ɗaya a tsakiyar dandalin.

A minti arba'in da rikodin, Jobs ya nufo shi daga lectern ɗin, yaga gyalensa, ya kunna kwamfutarsa ​​da sauri ya bace a bayan fage, don hankalin dukan masu sauraro ya karkata ga filin tsakiya mai haske a tsakiyar duhu. zaure. Abu mai ban sha'awa na bidiyon da aka buga shi ne yiwuwar jin Ayyuka daga bayan al'amuran, yadda ya firgita ya yi kira da kalmomin "zo, zo", yana fatan cewa kwamfutar za ta fara ba tare da matsala ba.

Ta fuskar kayan masarufi, mai yiwuwa abin da ya fi daukar hankali (kuma mai kawo cece-kuce) na kwamfutar NeXT ita ce rashin na’urar floppy disk, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da babban injin gani amma jinkirin faifai. Wannan misali ne na shirye-shiryen Ayyuka don cin nasarar nasarar samfurin akan wani sabon abu gaba ɗaya, wanda a wannan yanayin ya zama ba daidai ba a nan gaba.

Menene ainihin ya rinjayi makomar kwamfutoci?

Akasin haka, tsarin aiki na NeXTSTEP wanda ya dogara da abu wanda aka gabatar a kashi na biyu na gabatarwa da ƙamus da littattafai sun yi nasarar canza su zuwa tsarin lantarki a karon farko ya zama mataki mai kyau sosai. Kowace kwamfutar NeXT ta haɗa da fitowar Oxford na cikakkun ayyukan William Shakespeare, ƙamus na Jami'ar Merriam-Webster, da Littafin Magana na Oxford. Ayyuka yana nuna waɗannan tare da misalai da yawa na kansa yana yin ba'a ga kansa.

Alal misali, sa’ad da ya yi la’akari da wata kalma a ƙamus da wasu suka ce ana amfani da shi don kwatanta halinsa. Bayan shigar da kalmar "mercurial," ya fara karanta ma'anar farko, "wanda ya shafi ko an haife shi a ƙarƙashin alamar duniyar Mercury," sannan ya tsaya a na uku, "wanda aka kwatanta da yanayin yanayi maras tabbas." Masu sauraro suna mayar da martani ga dukan taron tare da fashewa da dariya, kuma Ayyuka sun ƙare ta hanyar karanta ma'anar antonym na ainihin kalmar, Saturnian. Ta ce: “Sannan kuma a cikin yanayinsa; jinkirin yin aiki ko canzawa; na baƙin ciki ko bacin rai.” "Ina tsammanin kasancewa da mercurial ba shi da kyau bayan haka," in ji Jobs.

Koyaya, babban ɓangaren software na gabatarwar shine NeXTSTEP, sabon tsarin aiki na Unix, wanda babban ƙarfinsa ya ta'allaka cikin sauƙi ba kawai a cikin amfani da shi ba, musamman wajen zayyana software. Yanayin hoto na shirye-shiryen kwamfuta na sirri, yayin da yake da girma don amfani, yana da wahala sosai don ƙira.

Tsarin NeXTSTEP don haka ya haɗa da "Interface Builder", kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar yanayin masu amfani da shirin. Yana cikakken amfani da yanayin yanayin tsarin aiki. Wannan yana nufin cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar aikace-aikacen, ba lallai ba ne a rubuta layin lamba ɗaya - kawai danna linzamin kwamfuta don haɗa abubuwa (filayen rubutu, abubuwan hoto). Ta wannan hanyar, za a iya ƙirƙirar tsarin tsarin dangantaka mai sarƙaƙƙiya da ingantaccen shiri sosai. Ayyuka suna nuna "Maginin Interface" akan mafi sauƙi misali na shirin da aka yi amfani da shi don kwaikwayon motsin ƙwayar iskar gas da ke kewaye a cikin cikakkiyar silinda. Daga baya, an gayyaci masanin kimiyya Richard E. Crandall zuwa mataki, wanda ya nuna ƙarin ayyuka masu rikitarwa daga fannin ilimin lissafi da ilmin sunadarai.

A ƙarshe, Ayyuka suna gabatar da damar sauti na kwamfuta, yana nuna masu sauraro sauti na gaba-sauti da karin waƙa da aka samar gaba ɗaya ta hanyar ƙirar lissafi.

Mafi ƙarancin abin ƙarfafawa na gabatarwa yana zuwa ba da daɗewa ba kafin ƙarshensa, lokacin da Ayyuka ke sanar da farashin kwamfutar NeXT. Kwamfuta da ke da na'ura mai kulawa za ta ci $6,5, printer $2,5, da kuma hard drive $2 akan 330MB da $4 akan 660MB. Duk da cewa Jobs ya jaddada cewa darajar duk wani abu da yake bayarwa ya fi yawa, amma ganin cewa jami'o'in suna neman na'ura mai kwakwalwa akan dala dubu biyu zuwa uku, kalamansa ba su kwantar da hankalin mutane ba, ko kadan. Har ila yau, labari mara dadi shi ne lokacin kaddamar da kwamfutar, wanda ba a sa ran zai faru ba sai a cikin rabin na biyu na 1989.

Duk da haka, gabatarwar ta ƙare akan kyakkyawan bayanin kula, kamar yadda aka gayyaci ɗan wasan violin daga San Francisco Symphony zuwa mataki don kunna Bach's Concerto a cikin ƙarami a cikin duet tare da kwamfutar NeXT.

NeXT ya manta kuma ya tuna

Tarihin na gaba na kwamfutar NeXT yana da kyau ta fuskar amfani da fasaharta, amma rashin tausayi dangane da nasarar kasuwa. Tuni a cikin tambayoyin manema labarai bayan gabatarwar, Ayyuka dole ne su tabbatar wa manema labarai cewa injin na'urar yana da abin dogaro kuma yana da sauri sosai cewa kwamfutar za ta ci gaba da gaba da gasar idan aka zo kasuwa kusan shekara guda, kuma ta amsa tambayoyi masu maimaitawa game da araha.

Kwamfutar ta fara zuwa jami'o'i a tsakiyar 1989 tare da sigar gwaji na tsarin aiki, kuma shigar da kasuwar kyauta a cikin farashin $ 9. Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa da gaske na’urar gani ba ta da karfin da zai iya tafiyar da kwamfutar cikin sauki da kuma dogaro, kuma rumbun kwamfutarka, na akalla dala dubu biyu, ya zama larura maimakon zabi. NeXT ya sami damar samar da raka'a dubu goma a kowane wata, amma tallace-tallace a ƙarshe ya ƙaru a raka'a ɗari huɗu a kowane wata.

A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an ƙaddamar da ƙarin haɓakawa da faɗaɗa nau'ikan kwamfutocin NeXT da ake kira NeXTcube da NeXTstation, suna ba da kyakkyawan aiki. Amma kwamfutocin NeXT ba su taɓa tashi ba. A shekarar 1993, lokacin da kamfanin ya daina kera kayan masarufi, dubu hamsin ne kawai aka sayar. An sake masa suna NeXT Software Inc. kuma bayan shekaru uku Apple ya saye shi saboda nasarorin da ya samu na bunkasa software.

Duk da haka, NeXT ya zama muhimmin sashi na tarihin kwamfuta. A cikin 1990, Tim Berners-Lee (wanda aka kwatanta a ƙasa), masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta, ya yi amfani da kwamfutarsa ​​da software a lokacin da ya ƙirƙira Gidan Yanar Gizo na Duniya a CERN, watau tsarin hypertext don dubawa, adanawa da kuma tantance takardu a Intanet. A cikin 1993, an nuna Steve Jobs wanda ya gabace ta App Store, rarraba software na dijital da ake kira Electronic AppWrapper, a karon farko akan kwamfutar NeXT.